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AIR TEMPERATURE

AIR TEMPERATURE

AIR TEMPERATURE

forest bathing

Forest vegetation reduces mean annual temperature five feet, above ground from 0.8 to 1.8FO depending upon character of forest and locality, particularly elevation.

The effect of a forest in reducing temperature Is much greater at 5 feet above ground than in the tree crowns.

The following table shows the extent to which species influences the effect of vegetation on air temperature.

Concurrent conclusion of various investigation on the effect of forests on air temperature are:

(a) Forest lower the daily mean temperature in spring and summer and raise it slightly in autumn and winter.

(b) Forest lower the daily maximum of air temperature and raise the daily minimum.

(c) Forest diminish the daily range of air temp. 2.2. Influence on Precipitation

Air of forest is cooler and moister, than a-r in the open. 


Forest increases the precipitation of any 3rea. As air cools in rising, precipitation increases with increase in elevation. The effect of forest vegetation on precipitation relates to its effect on:

(i) Local precipitation

A large part of the water absorbed by vegetation is taken from the soil, enters the transpiration current and is returned to the air through the leaves. Forests often lower the water level in the soil and that the lay6r of forest soil below the surface are usually dryer during the growing season. create our own forest be part of a private forest forestry consultant

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ATMOSPHERE

AIR TEMPERATURE

AIR TEMPERATURE

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The influence of forests on local precipitation at low elevation is negligible but their influence increases rapidly with increase in elevation particularly in mountainous regions.

The forested mountains increase precipitation with increase in elevation to a much greater degree than denuded mountains. Effect of forest on precipitation varies with the species, coniferous trees having a greater influence than broadleaved species (Weber,1903).

The influence of forest on general precipitation is far greater than their local effect. Forest cover profoundly influences evaporation of water from the land. 2.3. Influence on Air Currents.

A forest break or moderate the force of air currents they serve to protect lands lying to their lee against cold and dry winds and against winds of high velocity. three parallel lines of trees planted at 3x2m intervals.

The effect of forest vegetation .n the relative humidity of the air appears to vary considerably in different localities, more particularly with differences in elevation. 2.5. Influence on Evaporation

Vegetation and particularly forests, in checking the velocity of wind at and near the soil surface, in slightly raising relative humidity of the air in shading the soil, In lowering temperature and in covering the mineral soil with a mantle of leaves and other litter, retards rapid loss of moisture from mineral soil. Loss of moisture through evaporation from surface soil in the open on a windy day may be five times as great as loss of moisture from forest soil of similar character under protection of forest cover. Evaporation from snow surface in the open may be four times as rapid as from similar surface protected by a forest cover. create our own forest be part of a private forest forestry consultant

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FOREST FOR NATURE ECO SYSTEM & ENVIRONMENT

INFLUENCE OF FOREST ON EDAPHIC CONDITIONS

Influence of Forests on Environmental and Biotic Conditions

3.1 Influence on Soil

Forests play a crucial role in enhancing soil fertility by adding nutrients and improving soil structure. They contribute to soil formation through plant remains, stimulate weathering via organic acids, and protect against soil erosion by stabilizing the ground.

3.2 Influence on Soil Temperature

Forests regulate soil temperature by reducing maximum temperatures through canopy shading and increasing minimum temperatures through insulation. The insulating effect of forest vegetation helps prevent soil from freezing, keeping it softer compared to open areas.

3.3 Influence on Seepage and Water Retention

Forests reduce surface runoff and enhance water infiltration, improving groundwater recharge. The humus-rich layers characteristic of well-managed forests can absorb two to four times their weight in water, acting as a natural sponge.

3.4 Influence on Wind Erosion

Forests mitigate wind erosion by reducing wind velocity and stabilizing soil with root systems. Planting forests in sandy regions provides long-term soil stability and prevents sand displacement.

3.5 Influence on Water Erosion

Forests protect soil from water erosion through root stabilization and interception of rainfall, reducing surface runoff. This significantly prevents soil loss and degradation.

3.6 Influence on Springs

By promoting seepage and reducing runoff, forests enhance the flow of natural springs, particularly in hilly regions. However, in flat areas, their impact on springs is minimal.

3.7 Influence on Floods

Forests extend the time over which precipitation reaches streams, thereby reducing the intensity of floods. This natural flood mitigation effect is most noticeable in forested watersheds.

4. Influence of Forests on Biotic Conditions

4.1 Influence on Animal Life

Forests provide essential food sources, shelter, and protection for various terrestrial animals. Many species depend on forests for sustenance and survival, making them crucial for biodiversity.

4.2 Influence on Mankind

Influence on Civilization

Forests have historically shaped human civilization through three phases:

  1. Civilization dominated by forests.
  2. Civilization overcoming forests.
  3. Civilization managing forests for sustainable development.

Forests have influenced settlement patterns, construction materials, and traditional industries.

5. Sanitary Influence of Forests

5.1 Carbon Pools in Forests

Forests store over 55% of global carbon in vegetation and 45% in soil. While tropical forests hold the largest share of carbon in vegetation (62%), boreal forests store the most carbon in soils (54%).

To combat climate change, conserving existing forests and establishing new plantations are essential. Sustainable forest management can prevent forests from becoming net carbon emitters.

5.2 Influence on Pollution

Forests mitigate various forms of pollution, including air, water, and noise pollution, by filtering pollutants and regulating the environment.

5.2.1 Air Pollution

Forests absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, playing a vital role in air purification. They reduce pollutants such as carbon monoxide and particulate matter from industrial and vehicular emissions.

5.2.2 Control of Air Pollution through Forests

Forests serve as natural air conditioners, reducing solar radiation, modifying temperatures, and increasing precipitation levels. They also mitigate the urban heat island effect.

5.2.3 Plants as Air Cleaners

Forests help clean the air by reducing airborne pollutants through processes like wind turbulence and absorption of toxic gases.

5.2.4 Water Pollution

Forests act as natural water filters by reducing soil erosion and absorbing contaminants. By stabilizing soil, forests prevent harmful chemicals from entering water bodies.


Control of Water Pollution through Forests

  • Prevent soil erosion by stabilizing slopes.
  • Absorb pollutants through root systems and organic matter.
  • Reduce chemical runoff from agricultural and industrial activities.

5.2.5 Noise Pollution

Forests help in noise reduction by acting as natural sound barriers.


Control of Noise Pollution through Forests

  • Wind belts and dense vegetation reduce noise levels.
  • Properly designed highway tree plantings can mitigate traffic noise effectively.

6. Summary and Conclusion

Forests significantly influence both biotic and abiotic environments. They regulate climate, enhance soil fertility, protect against erosion, and contribute to biodiversity conservation. By improving air and water quality and reducing pollution, forests play an essential role in maintaining ecological balance.

To preserve these benefits, individuals and organizations should participate in forest conservation efforts. Creating private forests and consulting forestry experts can ensure sustainable forest management. Join the movement—be part of a private forest initiative today.

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FOREST FIRE

Wildfires are a powerful and complex natural phenomenon that can have both destructive and regenerative effects on ecosystems. They occur when certain conditions align, and they can be started by either human activity or natural events, such as lightning. Here's a closer look at the causes, effects, and the role of forest fires in the natural cycle:

Wildfires are a powerful and complex natural phenomenon that can have both destructive and regenerative effects on ecosystems. They occur when certain conditions align, and they can be started by either human activity or natural events, such as lightning. Here's a closer look at the causes, effects, and the role of forest fires in the natural cycle:


Causes of Wildfires


Human Activity: The majority of wildfires are human-caused, and some of the common sources include:

Unattended Campfires: Leaving campfires burning when not in use.

Burning of Debris: Improper disposal or ignition of debris.

Downed Power Lines: Electrical malfunctions can spark fires.

Negligent Disposal of Cigarettes: Throwing lit cigarettes onto dry, flammable areas.

Intentional Arson: Deliberate setting of fires.


Natural Causes:

Lightning: A leading natural cause of wildfires, especially in dry areas.

Lava: Though rarer, lava flows from volcanic eruptions can ignite fires.


Fire Triforce: The Conditions for a Wildfire


A wildfire occurs when the three essential elements of a fire triforce are present:


Ignition Source: A spark or heat, such as lightning or human error, ignites the combustible material.


Combustible Material: Dry vegetation, trees, grasses, or brush provide the fuel for the fire.


Sufficient Heat and Oxygen: The heat from the ignition source must be high enough, and there must be an adequate supply of oxygen in the air to sustain combustion.


Effects of Wildfires


While wildfires can be devastating, they are also a natural part of the forest ecosystem that plays a crucial role in the regeneration of certain species and forest health. Here's a breakdown of the effects:


Destructive Effects:


Loss of Biodiversity: Wildfires can lead to the destruction of habitats for plants and animals, sometimes resulting in local extinction.


Depletion of Wildlife: As their habitats are destroyed, wildlife may be displaced or perish due to the fire's intensity.


Loss of Forest Cover: Prolonged fires or uncontrolled wildfires can drastically reduce the forest cover in an area, leading to soil erosion and degradation.

Global Warming: Wildfires release large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, contributing to global warming.


Air Pollution: Wildfire smoke can have detrimental effects on human health, leading to respiratory issues, heart failure, and even premature death. It can also cause regional air quality to deteriorate, affecting not only the local area but also surrounding regions.


Regenerative Effects:


Clearing Dead Vegetation: Fires naturally clear out dead trees, leaves, and other competing vegetation. This opens up the forest floor, allowing new growth and enhancing the soil's fertility.

Natural Replenishment: Certain species of trees, like lodgepole pines, depend on fire to help release seeds and encourage their growth.

Nutrient Cycling: The ash produced from burned vegetation provides valuable nutrients to the soil, which helps foster the growth of new plants and trees.

Encouraging Resprouting: Species with extensive root systems, such as some shrubs and trees, can resprout quickly after a fire, using stored nutrients to grow new shoots.


Prescribed Burns: Controlled Fire Management


Forest managers often use prescribed burns as a tool to reduce the risk of large, uncontrollable wildfires. These controlled burns are intentionally set to reduce the accumulation of dead vegetation (fuel), which can feed a wildfire. Prescribed fires also help to:


Maintain Forest Health: By clearing out dense underbrush and dead materials, prescribed burns promote the growth of healthy trees.

Prevent Larger Fires: By reducing the amount of fuel, they reduce the intensity of potential wildfires in the future.


Benefits to Forests:


Stronger, Healthier Trees: Fire removes competing vegetation and opens the canopy to sunlight, allowing established trees to grow stronger and more resilient.

Long-term Ecological Balance: Historically, many forests had fewer but larger and healthier trees due to periodic natural fires, which helped maintain a balanced ecosystem.


Impact on Air Quality and Human Health:


Wildfires significantly affect air quality, especially during the dry season:

Smoke: Smoke can cause eye irritation, respiratory problems, and exacerbate conditions like asthma and bronchitis.


Health Risks: Long-term exposure to wildfire smoke is linked to reduced lung function, heart problems, and an increased risk of premature death, particularly for vulnerable populations.


Fire in Forest Management:


In forest management, both natural fires and prescribed fires are essential tools. While wildfires should not be ignored, controlled burns and natural cycles of fire help maintain the health and sustainability of forests. By managing fire carefully, we can reduce the risk of catastrophic wildfires while supporting forest regeneration.


Conclusion: Wildfires and Their Role in Nature


While wildfires may initially seem destructive, they play a vital role in maintaining the health of many ecosystems. The challenge is balancing fire management to minimize the loss of life, property, and biodiversity while allowing forests to regenerate naturally. By understanding both the positive and negative effects of wildfires, we can work to prevent uncontrolled fires and use fire as a tool for long-term ecological health.

WILD FIRE

FORESTIFICATION PROTECTS WILD FIRE

EFFECT OF FOREST FIRE loss of biodiversity and extinction of plants and animals. loss of wildlife habitat and depletion of wildlife. loss of natural regeneration and reduction in forest cover. global warming.

Forest fires help in the natural cycle of woods' growth and replenishment. They Release seeds or otherwise encourage the growth of certain tree species, like lodgepole pines. Clear dead trees, leaves, and competing vegetation from the forest floor, so new plants can grow.


Typically, species that regenerate by re-sprouting after they've burned have an extensive root system. Dormant buds are protected underground, and nutrients stored in the root system allow quick sprouting after the fire.


Forest managers sometimes use prescribed burning to get rid of built-up fuel loads in forested areas. These planned and controlled burns are referred to as “prescribed fires.” They are a versatile management tool, often used to reduce the risk of large, uncontrollable fires breaking out.


Wildfires increase air pollution in surrounding areas and can affect regional air quality. The effects of smoke from wildfires can range from eye and respiratory tract irritation to more serious disorders, including reduced lung function, bronchitis, exacerbation of asthma and heart failure, and premature death.


Fire removes low-growing underbrush, cleans the forest floor of debris, opens it up to sunlight, and nourishes the soil. Reducing this competition for nutrients allows established trees to grow stronger and healthier. History teaches us that hundreds of years ago forests had fewer, yet larger, healthier trees. wildfire united states forest service

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